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The Northern Subject Rule is a grammatical pattern that occurs in Northern English and Scots dialects. Present-tense verbs may take the verbal ‑''s'' suffix, except when they are directly adjacent to one of the personal pronouns ''I'', ''you'', ''we'', or ''they'' as their subject. As a result ''they sing'' contrasts with ''the birds sings''; ''they sing and dances''; ''it's you that sings''; ''I only sings''. In the modern Northern English dialects, this pattern varies and now competes with standard forms. Furthermore, other non-standard dialectal patterns are found that developed separately from the Northern Subject Rule. These include, for example: *The free use of ‑''s'' in the historic present (especially when introducing quoted speech, ''I says''). *The free use of ‑''s'' as a marker of habitual semantics (''I goes to work'') may also occur. *A widespread tendency to level the contrast between ''was'' and ''were'' (sometimes to ''I were'', ''he were'', more often to ''we was'', ''you was''). *Almost universal levelling of the contrast between ''There was a raven'' and ''There were two ravens''. Some controversy surrounds its origin. Some scholars (e.g., Graham Isaac) argue that it developed out of the Old English verbal endings by way of Northern Middle English, but others (e.g., H. Tristram) argue that it could be a language-contact transfer feature from the Brythonic language historically spoken in that area. Graham Shorrocks notes that a similar use of the historic present occurs in some dialects of north Germany, citing Gordon (1966) and Wakernagel-Jolles (1971). This is part of the greater debate whether the Celtic languages have had any influence on the structure of English due to the Celtic population learning the English language rapidly but imperfectly after the coming of the Angles. Newfoundland English and at least some Hiberno-English dialects, the dialect of Wexford for example, follow a similar pattern. ==References== *Isaac, Graham R. 2003. “Diagnosing the Symptoms of Contact: Some Celtic-English Case Histories.” In Tristram, Hildegard L.C. (ed.). The Celtic Englishes III. Heidelberg: Winter. pp. 46-64. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Northern subject rule」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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